Invasive Heart Rate Control as a Salvage Therapy in Amiodarone-induced Thyroid Storm

Emin Evren OZCAN; Mustafa DOGDUS; Resit Yigit YILANCIOGLU; Suleyman Cem ADIYAMAN; Oguzhan Ekrem TURAN

doi:10.4274/MMJ.galenos.2022.55453

ABSTRACT

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia, and amiodarone is one of the most commonly used drugs for medical cardioversion of AF, which should be used carefully due to its toxic effects. Amiodaroneinduced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) may develop in amiodarone-treated patients. In contrast, the most common rhythm disturbance accompanying a thyroid storm is AF. This association may put both AF and thyrotoxicosis treatment into a vicious circle, leading to AI cardiomyopathy. Herein, we aimed to present atrioventricular node ablation as a salvage therapy in a patient with AIT who had AF-causing hemodynamic impairment, resistance to medical therapy, and cardioversion.

Keywords:

Atrial fibrillation, thyrotoxicosis, AV node ablation

INTRODUCTION

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and is associated with increased mortality and stroke incidences¹. Comorbidities such as thyrotoxicosis, valve disorders, and atherosclerosis may cause AF and make it difficult to control. Amiodarone is an iodine-containing medical agent used in many different types of arrhythmias. It may cause toxicity in the eyes, lungs, thyroid, and liver². Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) develops in 3-10% of amiodarone-treated patients^3,4. In contrast, the most common rhythm disturbance accompanying a thyroid storm is AF⁵. This association may put both AF and thyrotoxicosis treatment into a vicious circle, leading to AI cardiomyopathy. We aimed to present atrioventricular (AV) node ablation as a salvage therapy in a patient with AIT who had AF-causing hemodynamic impairment, resistance to medical therapy, and cardioversion.

CASE REPORT

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this case report and accompanying images.

A 45-year-old male patient with a history of mitral valve replacement surgery, AF, and heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction was admitted to an external center with complaints of breathlessness and palpitations. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed AF with a high ventricular response. First, the rhythm control strategy was used with an amiodarone infusion, followed by external electrical cardioversion. High-dose beta-blocker and digoxin were given with amiodarone for rate control when rhythm control could not be achieved. Due to failure of a ventricular response rate control, additional amiodarone infusion (approximately 4 g) was administered to the patient in the external center. The patient was followed-up in the external center for 7 days. A daily intravenous infusion of about 1-g amiodarone was given for 4 days. Peroral maintenance amiodarone was not given. The heart rate still could not be controlled. Along with the worsening of the patient’s initial complaints, a progressive decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was detected (from 45% to 20%). Therefore, the patient was implanted with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention at the external center.

The patient was referred to our center due to frequent ICD shocks in an electrical storm and decompensated heart failure. He had low flow symptoms and frequent ICD shocks. In his physical examination, cachexia, arrhythmic heart sounds, tachycardia, and bilateral crepitant rales were detected. Initial ECG revealed a rapid ventricular response AF (Figure 1). Echocardiography showed LVEF of 20% and global hypokinesia. ICD recordings showed inappropriate ICD shocks due to AF, and sinus rhythm could not be achieved despite these shocks. We did not give additional IV or peroral amiodarone after transferring the patient.

Laboratory tests showed free T₄value of 26 ng/dL (normal range: 0.7-1.9 ng/dL); thyroid stimulating hormone was <0.01 µIU/mL (normal range: 0.38-3.80 µIU/mL); and free T₃ was 9.5 pg/mL (normal range: 1.4-3.8 pg/mL). No other remarkable abnormalities were observed. Chest X-ray revealed the bilateral pleural effusion and cardiomegaly. Thyroid auto-antibody results were negative. AIT was considered the underlying etiology of tachycardia. Immediately, antithyroid treatment of methimazole 2×30 mg and prednisolone 2×40 mg was started. Repeated electrical cardioversion was performed after no thrombus was observed by the transesophageal echocardiography. General condition of the patient deteriorated gradually. Because the general condition and hemodynamic status of the patient were unstable, total thyroidectomy and/or radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment was not considered appropriate according to a multidisciplinary decision.

AV node ablation was planned to arrange the ventricular response for a uncontrolled AF. AV node ablation procedure was applied to the area where the proximal AV node and supraventricular signals of the patient were recorded with the radiofrequency ablation catheter for 120 seconds, with an average power of 50 watts and 52°. After the procedure, permanent complete AV block was achieved (Figure 2), and the heart rate was 100 bpm. Significant reduction in the symptoms was observed immediately after the successful procedure, followed by uneventful patient recovery. In the echocardiographic examination performed 3 days later, a significant improvement was found with a LVEF of 40%. On discharge, the basal heart rate was 80 bpm. Methimazole (2×15 mg) and prednisolone (2×16 mg) were given.

During his follow-up, it was observed that the AV conduction improved the functional capacity of the patient, and thyroid hormone values reached normal limits. At the third month after discharge, methimazole and prednisolone treatments were completely stopped. The patient has been followed-up for 3 years with AF with a normal ventricular response without any symptoms.

DISCUSSION

Patients with AIT may present with clinical scenarios ranging from palpitation to a progressive hemodynamic impairment. The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid gland could be seen within days after starting treatment and/or up to several months after its discontinuation⁶. Because of the differences in the pathophysiology and treatment modality, AIT cases are divided into two subtypes. Type-1 AIT (AIT₁) is mentioned when there is an increase in thyroid hormones due to excess iodine in the patients with a concomitant thyroid disease, such as nodular goiter or Graves’ disease. Type-2 AIT (AIT₂) is a condition in which thyroid hormones are released due to cell damage caused by the direct cytotoxic effect of amiodarone on thyroid follicular cells in patients with a healthy thyroid gland⁷. The thyrotoxicosis results in an excess release of the preformed T₃ and T₄ into the circulation⁸. The iodine-131 uptake test could help to differentiate AIT₁ from AIT₂. AIT₁ is treated with a thionamide (methimazole 30-40 mg daily), and AIT₂ is treated with the glucocorticoids. The European Thyroid Association recommends total thyroidectomy and/or RAI treatment in case of a deteriorating cardiac function in the AIT⁹. Because the general condition and hemodynamic status of our patient were unstable, total thyroidectomy and/or RAI treatment was not considered appropriate according to a multidisciplinary decision.

AF may have an impact on hemodynamics and symptoms. One of the main AF management strategies is the control of heart rate. Amiodarone may be a good option for the acute treatment of patients with heart failure. Electrical cardioversion should be considered when medical therapy fails to control the heart rate. If all noninvasive methods fail, invasive therapies, such as AV node ablation and permanent pacing, are considered. Ablation of the AV node is an effective therapy and with almost 100% success rates^10,11. Our patient had AIT aggravated AF with failed medical and electrical cardioversion. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of AV node relieved symptoms and improved the patient’s functional status.

AV node ablation improves symptoms and cardiac function in patients with AF by controlling the heart rate. Moreover, ventricular desynchrony develops due to a permanent right ventricular pacing, and worsening of LVF may be observed. The recent Ablate and Pace for Atrial Fibrillation-cardiac resynchronization therapy (APAF-CRT) trial showed that AV node ablation + CRT was superior to pharmacotherapy in reducing mortality in patients with permanent AF and narrow QRS¹². Our patient previously had an ICD implanted as a primary prevention. The functional status of our patient was New York Heart Association class 1, LVEF was improved, and the patient’s AV conduction recovered in the follow-up. Therefore, CRT-D upgrade was not planned.

In conclusion, thyroid storm could be triggered by amiodarone toxicity. AV node ablation should be considered a salvage therapy in patients who have a hemodynamic vicious circle during thyroid storm and have pacemaker/ICD implanted due to the other indications. In addition, ICD implantation may have catastrophic consequences in patients without appropriate heart rate control.

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